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Pinus ponderosa
''Pinus ponderosa'', commonly known as the ponderosa pine, bull pine, blackjack pine, or western yellow pine, is a very large pine tree species of variable habitat native to the western United States and Canada. It is the most widely distributed pine species in North America.〔Safford, H.D. 2013. Natural Range of Variation (NRV) for yellow pine and mixed conifer forests in the bioregional assessment area, including the Sierra Nevada, southern Cascades, and Modoc and Inyo National Forests. Unpublished report. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Vallejo, CA, ()〕
It grows in various erect forms from British Columbia southward and eastward through 16 western U.S. states and has been successfully introduced in temperate regions of Europe. It was first seen and collected in 1826 in eastern Washington near present-day Spokane. On that occasion, David Douglas misidentified it as ''Pinus resinosa'' (red pine). In 1829, Douglas concluded that he had a new pine among his specimens and coined the name ''Pinus ponderosa'' for its heavy wood. In 1836, it was formally named and described by Charles Lawson, a Scottish nurseryman. It is the official state tree of Montana.
==Description==
''P. ponderosa'' is a large coniferous pine (evergreen) tree. The bark helps to distinguish it from other species. Mature to over-mature individuals have yellow to orange-red bark in broad to very broad plates with black crevices. Younger trees have blackish-brown bark, referred to as "blackjacks" by early loggers. Ponderosa pine's five subspecies, as classified by some botanists, can be identified by their characteristically bright, green needles (contrasting with blue-green needles that distinguish Jeffrey pine). The Pacific subspecies has the longest——and most flexible needles in plume-like fascicles of three. The Columbia ponderosa pine has long——and relatively flexible needles in fascicles of three. The Rocky Mountains subspecies has shorter——and stout needles growing in scopulate (bushy, tuft-like) fascicles of two or three. The southwestern subspecies has , stout needles in fascicles of three (averaging ). The central High Plains subspecies is characterized by the fewest needles (1.4 per whorl, on average); stout, upright branches at narrow angles from the trunk; and long green needles——extending farthest along the branch, resembling a fox tail. Needles are widest, stoutest, and fewest (averaging ) for the species.
Sources differ on the scent of ''P. ponderosa'', but it is more or less of turpentine, reflecting the dominance of terpenes (alpha- and beta-pinenes, and delta-3-carene). Some state that it has no distinctive scent.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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